Private Albert Joseph Routhier

Wall of Service

Column
23

Row
20

Private Albert Joseph Routhier
Royal Canadian Artillery

Albert, thinking of you still
Love your sister Denise. xoxo

Three men in uniform standing in front of trees.
A man and woman sit on the wooden railing of a bridge.

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Immigration History

Besides race, ideology, and nationalism, immigration restrictions at this time were also deeply intertwined with popular pseudoscience, including eugenics.

In 1919, the Canadian government amended its immigration law to include a literacy test. Civic literacy testing developed as a tool of exclusion based on theories of race and eugenics. Despite this, the literacy test developed by Canadian immigration authorities was separate in a few important ways from this lineage. That test, the action test of 1920, offers us an example of how broad restrictive influences were adapted and blunted in Canadian practice.

Read the full article: The Action Test of 1920: Literacy and Selection in Canadian Immigration⟶

Declaration of Passenger to Canada form, questions include name, age, occupation, can you read, and what language.